Ulysses in particular is set in the streets and alleyways of the city. Though most of his adult life was spent abroad, his fictional universe centres on Dublin and is largely populated by characters who closely resemble family members, enemies and friends from his time there. Many writers, film-makers and other artists have been influenced by his stylistic innovations, such as his meticulous attention to detail, use of interior monologue, wordplay, and the radical transformation of traditional plot and character development. Ulysses frequently ranks high in lists of great books of literature, and the academic literature analysing his work is extensive and ongoing. He died there in 1941 after surgery for a perforated ulcer, less than one month before his 59th birthday.
When France was occupied by Germany during World War II, Joyce moved back to Zürich in 1940. He made a number of trips to Switzerland, frequently seeking treatment for his increasingly severe eye problems and psychological help for his daughter, Lucia. He and Nora were married in a civil ceremony in London in 1930. Between these years, Joyce travelled widely. Joyce started his next major work, Finnegans Wake, in 1923, publishing it sixteen years later in 1939. Copies were smuggled into both countries and pirated versions were printed until the mid-1930s, when publication finally became legal. Ulysses was first published in Paris in 1922, but its publication in England and the United States was prohibited because of its perceived obscenity. After the war, he briefly returned to Trieste and then moved to Paris in 1920, which became his primary residence until 1940. During most of World War I, Joyce lived in Zürich, Switzerland and worked on Ulysses. In Trieste, he published his book of poems Chamber Music and his short story collection Dubliners, and he began serially publishing The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in the English magazine The Egoist. Except for an eight-month stay in Rome working as a correspondence clerk and three visits to Dublin, Joyce resided there until 1915. He briefly worked in Pola and then moved to Trieste in Austria-Hungary, working as an English instructor. In 1904, he met his future wife Nora Barnacle and they moved to mainland Europe. Despite the chaotic family life imposed by his father's unpredictable finances, he excelled at the Jesuit Belvedere College and graduated at University College in Dublin in 1902. A brilliant student, he attended the Jesuit Clongowes Wood College in County Kildare, then, briefly, the Christian Brothers-run O'Connell School. Joyce was born in Dublin into a middle-class family. His other writings include three books of poetry, a play, letters and occasional journalism. Other well-known works are the short-story collection Dubliners (1914) and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) and Finnegans Wake (1939). Joyce's novel Ulysses (1922) is a landmark in which the episodes of Homer's Odyssey are paralleled in a variety of literary styles, most famously stream of consciousness. He contributed to the modernist avant-garde movement and is regarded as one of the most influential and important writers of the 20th century. James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist, short story writer, poet and literary critic.
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